Citations (24)
References (25)
... These alternative gaseous fuels have considerable potential to replace the traditional liquid pe- troleum fuels. This potential is revealed from the ranking of Pakistan by International Association of Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV), as 2nd out of 86 countries and best in Asia for initiating different natural gas programs for the transportation sector [3,10]. Despite the potential, it is imperative to evaluate the suitability of different gaseous alternatives such as CNG, LPG and imported LNG for the transport sector to ensure the sustainable transition. ...
... The most meaningful way of putting risks into perspective is to consider the loss of life expectancy (LLE) measured in days [50]. Although, gaseous fuels are considered to be much safer in comparison to diesel and gas- oline; however the low quality materials like cylinders, poor installation and design, inefficient maintenance procedures and lack of government policies for safety regulations may cause several accidents [3]. ...
Prioritizing the gaseous alternatives for the road transport sector of Pakistan: A multi criteria decision making analysis
Article
Oct 2018
Salman Hamid
Kafait Ullah
Usman Shakoor
Faisal Mirza
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... To mitigate the GHG and to achieve a sustainable development, the price factor and availability of large gas reservoirs in the neighbor country (Iran) for gas transmission (Hafeznia, Pourfayaz, and Maleki 2017) are major factors, which must be taken into consideration by legislators to create a low-carbon economy. Figure 4 shows the Pakistan's natural gas infrastructure with the location of natural gas fields ( Khan and Yasmin 2014) Considering the growing energy demand and decline of gas reserves, gas import from gas-rich countries has become essential. The Government of Pakistan has decided to enhance indigenous gas production from its reserves, import gas from Iran (IP Pipeline) and Turkmenistan (Turkmenistan- Afghanistan-Pakistan-India [TAPI] Pipeline), and import LNG from Qatar. ...
... Currently, only four countries -the United States, Canada, China, and Argentina -have commercial shale gas production. In the past five years, China has drilled more than 600 shale gas wells and produced 14 Mcm/D of shale gas (EIA 2017); Pakistan can utilize the expertise of Figure 4. Pakistan natural gas infrastructure (modified after Khan and Yasmin (2014)). ...
A review on natural gas potential of Pakistan for transition to a low-carbon future
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Sep 2018
Arshad Raza
Meiyu Guo
Raoof Gholami
Reza Rezaee
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... Previous studies further reported that to meet power demand, diesel engine generators were used particularly in domestic and commercial sectors that substantially increases the PAHs emissions ( Menzie et al., 1992;Idjdarene et al., 2008;Lakhani, 2012). Though use of natural gas (an environment friendly fuel) reduces PAHs emissions ( Khan and Yasmin, 2014) but excessive consumption of natural gas during the past five years has created a shortfall of 1312 million standard cubic feet per day in Pakistan, which led to the rapid replacement of natural gas with diesel and gasoline ( Ghumman, 2012;Khan and Yasmin, 2014). According to Pakistan National Conservation Strategy Report, an average Pakistani automobile (diesel and gasoline driven) releases 20 times more hydrocarbons (g/km) than that of an average vehicle in the United States ( Martin, 2007). ...
... Previous studies further reported that to meet power demand, diesel engine generators were used particularly in domestic and commercial sectors that substantially increases the PAHs emissions ( Menzie et al., 1992;Idjdarene et al., 2008;Lakhani, 2012). Though use of natural gas (an environment friendly fuel) reduces PAHs emissions ( Khan and Yasmin, 2014) but excessive consumption of natural gas during the past five years has created a shortfall of 1312 million standard cubic feet per day in Pakistan, which led to the rapid replacement of natural gas with diesel and gasoline ( Ghumman, 2012;Khan and Yasmin, 2014). According to Pakistan National Conservation Strategy Report, an average Pakistani automobile (diesel and gasoline driven) releases 20 times more hydrocarbons (g/km) than that of an average vehicle in the United States ( Martin, 2007). ...
Elucidating the urban levels, sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Pakistan: Implications for changing energy demand
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Full-text available
Nov 2017SCI TOTAL ENVIRON
Naima Hamid
Muhammad Junaid
Jabir Hussain Syed
Riffat Naseem Malik
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... Back in the year 2009, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak EPA) updated vehicular exhaust emission standards for gasoline powered vehicles under the national environmental quality standards (NEQS) for motor vehicles. Similar to Euro II standards,these were termed as Pak-II tier.For diesel operated vehicles, corresponding standards were implemented from the year 2012 ( Khan and Yasmin, 2014).This shift in policy, however, did not produce desired results as most of the onroad vehicles still do not comply with any Euro standard. Lack of awareness and incentives coupled with a weak implementation are among the reasons. ...
... Though Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) had been widely used in Pakistan, recent shortages of gas supply to gas stations have led to a significantly reduced CNG usage by vehicles. Also the government is discouraging its use as a vehicular fuel based on the current natural gas shortages faced by other sectors of economy ( Khan and Yasmin, 2014). Therefore only gasoline fueled vehicles wereconsidered in this study. ...
Prediction of running emission factors from passenger vehicles in an urban area using International Vehicle Emissions Model as a computational tool
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Nov 2015
Izhar Hussain Shah
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... For example, CNG demand increased rapidly and peaked in 2011 before declining thereafter. Petrol demand witnessed a secular increase despite rapid increase in global oil prices in later part of last decade (see Figure 1), whereas diesel demand shows mean reverting behavior over the period under consideration ( Khan and Yasmin, 2014). ...
Estimating Elasticity of Transport Fuel Demand in Pakistan
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Mar 2018
Muhammad Omer
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... Moreover, natural gas is considered as an efficient and clean fuel [75,76]. As a result, more than 86 countries are using natural gas to power vehicles [77]. ...
Natural Gas Engine Technologies: Challenges and Energy Sustainability Issue
Article
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Oct 2018
Girma T. Chala
Abd Rashid Abd Aziz
Ftwi Yohaness Hagos
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... With the aim to reduce the transportation sector's oil consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and criteria air pollutants, in 1998 the government of Pakistan announced a two year goal of establishing 150 CNG stations and conversion of 100,000 vehicles to natural gas fueled vehicles. Due to Government's consumer friendly policy, ample regulatory framework and available price difference between CNG and gasoline/diesel, NGVs (natural gas vehicles) have increased significantly at an unprecedented rate of around 52.5% per annum during the last few years ( Khan & Yasmin, 2014). Currently the country NGV fleet share about 80% of total registered passenger vehicle fleet in Pakistan and 16% NGVs strength worldwide. ...
Comparative Well-to-Tank energy use and greenhouse gas assessment of natural gas as a transportation fuel in Pakistan
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Full-text available
Jan 2018
Muhammad Imran Khan
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... engine conversion are well developed and widely available. Several studies on the technical, environmental, economic, safety and life cycle emissions of NGVs have also been reported ( Ou et al., 2013;Wang and Huang, 2015;Gopal and Sidhartha, 2003;Jahirul et al., 2010;Gwilliam, 2014;Khan and Yasmin, 2014;Cho and He, 2007;Khan et al., 2016). The results showed that CNG has several advantages over both diesel and gasoline fuel, including considerable emission and cost reductions ( Khan et al., 2015b). ...
Mitigating gas flare and emission footprints via the implementation of natural gas vehicles in Nigeria
Article
Nov 2017ENERG POLICY
B. Olufemi Odufuwa
Collins Nwaokocha
Giwa Solomon
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Policy options for the sustainable development of natural gas as transportation fuel
Article
Nov 2017ENERG POLICY
Muhammad Imran Khan
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Identifying and addressing barriers for the sustainable development of natural gas as automotive fuel
Article
Sep 2017INT J HYDROGEN ENERG
Muhammad Imran Khan
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Stepper in Pakistan. 10
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hundreds of thousands of workersFig. 13. Long queues of vehicles waiting for filling of CNG at refilling station.Table 3NEQS vehicles emission standard, 2009, (g/Km).Type of vehicle Category Tiers Fuel CO HC þNOxPM ApplicabilityPassenger Cars RW <2500 Kg Pak-II Diesel 1 0.7 0.08 1st July, 2012Gasoline 2.2 0.5 e1st July, 2009 (new car)1st July, 2012 (older than 2009 car)VsPassenger Cars Euro II DieselStepper online in Pakistan1 0.6 1 1996Gasoline 2.2 0.5 eM.I. Khan, T. Yasmin / Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 17 (2014) 99e109106Stepper online in Pakistan
